The Shifting Meaning of Leadership in Generation Z Families from an Islamic Perspective: A Phenomenological Study in Grobogan Regency

Abstract

The concept of qawwam (family leadership) in Islamic family law positions the husband as the family leader responsible for protection, provision, and moral guidance, as stated in Qur'an Surah An-Nisā' (4:34). Social, economic, educational, and technological changes have influenced how Generation Z Muslim families understand and practice this concept. This study aims to analyze Generation Z's understanding of qawwam, identify the factors influencing its changing meaning, and explain the relationship between the normative concept of qawwam and family practices in Grobogan Regency, Indonesia. This research employed a qualitative phenomenological approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, documentation, and field notes involving Generation Z married couples, religious leaders, Islamic religious counselors, and the Head of the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) of Purwodadi District. Data were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, while credibility was ensured through source and methodological triangulation. The findings show that qawwam is understood as a moral responsibility reflected in protection, communication, consultation (shūrā), cooperation, and partnership within the family. This shift is influenced by economic conditions, education, digital media, social change, and contextual understandings of Islamic teachings. The study concludes that the practice of qawwam among Generation Z families is adaptive without abandoning the fundamental values of Islamic family law, evolving into a more dialogical, participatory, and collaborative model of family leadership.